日出

记得曾经看完格里菲斯的《党同伐异》后，为影片的平行剪辑制造的效果感到惊叹。也是从那时起，我认识到早期的电影人对“用影像讲故事”的探究远比我想象的要深刻。而这部《日出》则让我看到了未来一百年中电影语言的基本规则。而无论后人对其做了多么精巧的改进，也没有该片电影语言的精髓。 在默片时代，因为没有声音。演员无法通过说话转达影片信息。为了保持整体的连贯性，字幕也是能省就省。这也使得导演必须通过镜头语言尽可能表达出更多的信息。哪怕在如今，同样的信息用影像表现也要比用台词表达高级得多。而这部《日出》就很好的体现了默片时代依靠镜头说话特点。 1.长镜头与透视法 影片上映与1927年。那时候没有斯坦尼康，摄影师想做到手持跟拍是很困难的，但在这部影片中，我们看到了长镜头拍摄的雏形。

镜头的第一个画面，一对老夫妇在画面右下角的前景。篱笆外墙和与之相平行的道路形成线性透视，并提供了深景深。这时城市女从深景中的房门向镜头走来，当她进入到画面中心时镜头左摇跟随人物。当人物要远离镜头时，摄影机开始跟随人物运动到男主角家门外，整个镜头结束。 虽然在电影初期一个镜头会拍摄很长时间，似乎长镜头并不是什么新鲜的手法。但这里我们说的长镜头不仅仅是镜头时间，而是带有镜头运动和场面调度的一系列过程。在前半段的静止画面中，导演运用透视原理和演员的调度达到了前景与背景之间的运动关系。而后半部分的跟拍则保持了镜头的连续性和观众的代入感。这是观众回想：这位女子半夜从家里出来鬼鬼祟祟的究竟是去哪？如果这里运用三段镜头剪辑在一起，虽然能表达同样的信息，但这种连续性和代入感却被打破了。 2.分割画面 一般来说，运用复格影像可以为观众带来全知视角，同时展现几个人物的动作。但在这里导演运动万花筒式的分割画面展现了城市的繁华，而万花筒式的画面也和都市灯红酒绿的形象形成对应。

3.叠印效果 叠印效果可以表现人物的梦境，想象或回忆。

男主角正在为是否杀死贤惠的妻子做心理斗争。这时城市女的影像通过叠印巧妙的贴合在男主角的身上。通过这个效果形象的体现男主角在内心斗争时没能经受住小三的欲望诱惑，最终选择杀死妻子。

这里则表现出夫妻俩的爱情，连天使都为他们送上祝福。 4.特写 特写镜头可以有效的突出画面中的重要信息，增强画面的冲击性。在表现恐怖效果上成效显著。

男主角拿起了象征着谋杀的芦苇

要掐死女主角的双手

拔出的小刀

这三个镜头通过对芦苇，双手和小刀的特写，放大了男主角近乎变态的杀人动机。哪怕是非常普通的芦苇都借助特写镜头给观众惊悚的感觉，因为它象征着谋杀。同时也提醒观众，这个重要道具会在之后起到重要作用。

镜头的不断拉近，到最后的特写镜头，观众可以清晰的看到老妇人的泪光。通过这一系列镜头的放大，观众的情感也被放大，也表现出男主角逐渐得知妻子没有死的过程。如果只用最后的特写镜头，情感表达会显得突兀，不连贯。 5.观点镜头

小三女被群民惊醒

透过窗户一探究竟

躲在树荫里窥视救援结果

被众人搀扶的男主角说明妻子已死

这里比较巧妙的是小三女的主观镜头。导演通过小三的窥视一方面展现村民营救的过程，另一方面又将观众带入到小三的视角中，通过她得知女主死亡的信息。这大大增加了观众对小三的憎恨和对夫妻未能团圆的惋惜。 6.画面留白制造悬念

芦苇不断散落

女主角飘过镜头

男主角发现了散落的芦苇

坚信妻子已经死了

在最后的救援戏中，全村人划船寻找女主。这时镜头切到飘在水中昏迷的女主角，芦苇在不断散落，提醒观众时间紧迫。人物划出画面，观众们都为女主角捏了一把汗，大家都期待着丈夫能找到妻子。这时丈夫发现了这捆芦苇，配合着他绝望的面部特写。这让观众没有时间思考，本能的跟着男主角相信妻子已经死了。当然，我们都知道妻子没有死，导演通过留白和剪辑欺骗了观众，制造了情节的起伏。 7.默片中的背景音 有意思的是，本片虽然是默片，但全片还是运用了一些背景音。比如一直贯穿始终的教堂的钟声。在影片开头男主角决定杀死妻子的夜晚，他躺在床上望向妻子，雾气笼罩下的教堂叠化出现，钟声第一次响起。这里的钟声象征着罪恶，也交代了夜晚的过去。

之后在船上丈夫企图掐死妻子，妻子惊吓万分苦苦求饶，此时丈夫经不住良心的谴责丈夫用双手捂住眼睛，钟声第二次响起。它代表着上帝对丈夫的警示，希望唤起他内心的良知。丈夫快速把穿划向对岸，钟声一直响着，每一声都敲打在丈夫的良心深处，让他无地自容又后悔莫及。

第三次教堂钟声把夫妻俩吸引到了教堂，里面正在举行一场婚礼。此时神父告诉新郎要保护新娘不受到任何伤害。此时的丈夫流下了忏悔的眼泪。这里的钟声代表上帝对他的教育，引导他做回一个合格的丈夫。

两人在钟声下走出教堂，代表着夫妻婚姻的重生。

影片的最后，一直为出现的太阳终于升起，照耀在幸福的夫妻身上。预示着爱终究会战胜邪恶，正义的阳光终究会照耀在土地上！

首先是以叠印作为操控全局的方针，开篇手绘字幕卡转实拍镜头定场，随后两张叠印砸脸表流动时间。在男主前往湖畔与摩登女幽会的场景中，月光、浓雾、树梢遮挡以及对都市的憧憬彼此交融，影片置入奇幻时间。演员以痉挛般的动作进行舞蹈与拥吻，同时，夜空中叠印以风格化的幻想：假透视街道、霓虹灯装饰、手绘背景板、摆动的聚光灯束、快节奏摇摄、乐队与舞者共同组成光彩炫目的都市。而在筹备暗杀的段落中，由于秘密计划男主不时陷入道德焦虑，负罪感引发的心理争斗以及妻子隐忍的个性都要求一种更为克制含蓄的表演（这在计划实施前一段时间最为突出），同时画面中以摩登女幽灵与湖水的叠印传达人物情绪。幽会与筹备两段因此呈现较大的风格差异，同时也宣示着好莱坞对同时期欧陆两股风格源流强大的吸纳能力。此外，在前往城市的列车上，一面玻璃隔开被摄人物和摄影机，观众在摄影机侧便能同时看见人物与映入玻璃的窗外风景的倒影，这构成一种实体的光学叠印（《雪国》中也有眼睛与窗外灯火的叠印），但没看出什么作用，车里太挤了可能。湖面场景中，男女主搭乘小舟时，一只计划外的狗意外闯进画面，提供影片短暂的悬疑点，也作为一种超自然力量：不曾提供动机也未曾言明地，狗似乎洞悉了男主的秘密计划，这种超人的力量对男主备受煎熬的内心进行审判；湖面群起的水鸟使女主感到不安；最后的列车铃，显而易见也作为道德警铃阻止了男主的行凶动作，茂瑙并没有通过扭曲场景或镜头外化人物主观性，而是以一种传统戏剧中对符号的运用来合理化男女主心理转变，此外，在进入都市游历的情节中，教堂的钟声引导男女主进入婚礼现场，也见证了二人的和解，矛盾的解决按面包-鲜花-泪水-钟声循序渐进，这几个符号应该不是乱设的但我看不大出来。茂瑙对同一符号的戏剧式活用在《最卑贱的人》中便有所显露（外套），影片中的灯芯草从杀妻计划的一环到风暴中妻子求生工具的转变也承载的相似的戏剧化功能。有趣的是这个故事以都市人到乡村度假引发矛盾，却在村中的夫妻去往城市度假解决矛盾，结尾也可以视为多结局的，妻子活命与否、都市女郎被掐死与否，假如妻子或都市女死了男主又该面临怎样的审判，各指向全然不同的解读。记得片尾字幕滚完恰好赶上当天日出，可惜也没看着

由于感触太多，就把短评里超出的文字搬运到这里。

（个人影史十佳）A song of two humans—不寻常地被好莱坞给予完全的拍片自由的茂瑙用一部交响乐的结构拍了这样一部伟大的默片作品。

这位德国表现主义革新者将意象、结构、双重曝光等运用地出神入化。从男人受到象征着欲望和贪婪的城里女人的诱惑，计划制造妻子意外身亡的事故，到妻子知晓丈夫谋害的计划伤心与恐惧，去往城市电车上的两人，一人闪躲绝望，一人后悔内疚，虽然没有台词，所有的肢体语言、微表情都太生动。在城市里，两人经历了车流中穿梭追逐、教堂看到结婚典礼被感动、车流中亲吻（此处导演十分巧妙地安排了一刻的场景的转换，由马路上车流中心转换到乡村田野再回到现实）、造型店男人由面部到心灵都得到了洁净（这是两人关系新的节点）、照相馆里宛若热恋情侣的亲密羞怯……有太多要素，但都各在其位，并无堆砌之感。

值得一提的是，同样是二十世纪德国表现主义大作，《大都会》中的城市是压抑的、井然有序的、是属于少数统治阶级的，而《日出》中的城市极具娱乐性，有趣、纷繁复杂，又不乏人性。

还有值得一提的是，在片中发现被《低俗小说》、《泰坦尼克号》、《飞向太空》等作品致敬、借鉴的地方。

好一幅表现主义的《日出》，可与莫奈试比高。

原文取自Patrick Keating的《THE DYNAMIC FRAME Camera Movement in Classical Hollywood》。本书在讨论《日出》这部电影时，是以20s中期德国电影对美国电影的影响为背景，以及美国电影人把摄影机运动视为鬼把戏（trick shots）的态度：是滑稽喜剧的专长而不符合严肃戏剧的高雅。在德国电影《最后一笑》《杂耍班》中，摄影机运动和角度让美国电影人大为震惊，这些创新的贡献不仅仅是技术上的，更深层的是从文化上的干预。移动摄影机不再是一个滑稽的把戏，而是成为艺术雄心的一种表达。静态戏剧和动态喜剧之间的对立也被打破。

以下为原文：

Sunrise

A great deal was riding on Sunrise—not just Fox’s investment but also Hollywood’s ever-evolving identity as an industry both American and international. Would Murnau assimilate to the American style, devising unusual angles to add “kick” to the story? Or would the German director continue to explore the semisubjective realm with a style that had inspired critics to reach for comparisons to Cezanne and Picasso? Murnau had promised to make a film with American virtues: speed, pep, initiative. The finished film belies this promise: Sunrise is slow and serious, with characters notably lacking in drive. The story is about a rural couple, simply called the Man and the Wife (George O’Brien and Janet Gaynor). The evil Woman from the City (Margaret Livingston) convinces the Man to kill his wife in a staged boating accident. He cannot go through with the murder, and, overcome with guilt, he follows his wife to the city, where he slowly regains her trust. Whereas many Hollywood films emphasize external action, the conflict here is almost entirely internal: the Man must rediscover his love for his wife, and the Wife must recognize that his conversion is sincere. This minimal plot leaves ample room for emotional expression.

To tell this tale, Murnau used almost every cinematic device available, from set design and acting to lighting and camera movement. As in The Last Laugh, Murnau explored the ambiguous territory of the semisubjective. In one celebrated seTuence, the Man walks through the marshes to visit with the Woman from the City. Cinematographers Rosher and Struss placed the camera on a platform suspended from tracks specially built into the studio’s ceiling, using motors to aid the shot’s operator, Struss, by lifting the camera platform up and down as it moved forward. 58 For all the shot’s technical bravado, its real interest lies in its shifts from external to internal and back again. The camera starts out by following the Man from behind and then tracks with him in profile after he makes a turn to go through some trees (fig. 1.7a–b). Here, the mode is external but attached—we observe the Man from the outside, but we discover the space as he discovers it. When the Man approaches the lens (fig. 1.7c), the camera pans to the left and dollies forward, pushing through some branches to discover the Woman from the City (fig. 1.7d). 59 For a brief moment, it appears that the film has entered a subjective mode, representing what the Man sees through his own eyes. The Woman turns her head. Perhaps she will look directly at the camera, as if welcoming the Man’s arrivalbut, no, her gaze crosses past the lens, and the bored look on her face indicates that the Man has not yet arrived. First attached and then subjective, the mode becomes nonsubjective and nonattached, showing an event that the Man cannot see yet. A moment later the Woman looks offscreen again, this time recognizing that the Man is approaching. When he enters the screen from off-left, it is a further perceptual surprise: the last time we saw him, he was off-right. The Man and the Woman kiss, and the shot comes to an end. In a lecture in 1928, Struss described this shot in terms that reflect its ambiguity. His statement, “Here we move with the man and his thoughts,” evoked a subjective interpretation of the image, but later he claimed, “We seem to be surreptitiously watching the love scenes,” as if the camera had adopted the perspective of an unseen observer. 60

1.7 In Sunrise, the camera follows the Man as he walks through the marsh; later, the camera appears to look through his eyes.

Other shots extend this semisubjective approach. In The Last Laugh, Murnau had placed his camera on a rotating platform to create the effect of the world spinning around the porter. In Sunrise, Murnau designed an ingenious variation on this strategy, depicting the twists and turns of a trolley ride. The first part of the seTuence was photographed on a trolley path built alongside Lake Arrowhead; the rest was shot on another constructed line that circled into Rochus Gliese’s enormous false-perspective city set on the Fox lot. 61 One shot shows the Wife huddling in the corner of the car. We can barely see her face, but the trolley veers right and then left, showing us tracks, a worker on a bicycle, a factory, and other images indicating that she is reaching the edge of the city (fig. 1.8a–b). The unpredictable swaying of the trolley expresses her emotional state—her terrified confusion about her husband’s newly revealed capacity for violence and betrayal. Meanwhile, Murnau uses the trolley’s movement to comment on the inevitability of modernity: these two peasants have no control over the trolley car, and they must stand by passively while the background changes from the countryside to the city, a change in landscape that will render their peasant lifestyle obsolete.

In her insightful analysis of the film, Caitlin McGrath has situated Murnau’s shots within a longer tradition of camera movement stretching back to the cinema of attractions, as in Bitzer’s subway film in 1904 (fig. 1.1). 62 Another proximate comparison is the trolley scene from girl Shy. There, the Boy treats the world as a series of obstacles to be overcome, commandeering a trolley car to get to his destination as Tuickly as possible. In Sunrise, the movement of the trolley does little to advance the goals of either character, who are merely passengers on a journey they cannot control. In one sense, girl Shy does a better job integrating story and shot: the action on the trolley serves to advance the protagonist’s goal. In another sense, Sunrise is the more fully integrated of the two. girl Shy briefly abandons the Boy to deliver a gag about the drunkard’s confusion. Sunrise lingers on the passage of the trolley because its swaying motions serve to express the Wife’s state of mind. Every swerve is expressive.

1.8 The Wife stands Tuietly on the trolley as the landscape changes behind her.

The latter film further develops its characterization of the modern city in a pair of seTuences showing the couple crossing the dangerous street. In the first seTuence, the camera is on a dolly following the Wife (probably a stunt double) as she walks from the trolley to the curb; halfway through the shot, the Man grabs the Wife and walks with her the rest of the way. Several cars zip by in the foreground and background, just missing the couple—and the camera, which is crossing the street as well (fig. 1.9a–b). In the second seTuence, the Man and the Wife have reconciled, and they gaze into each other’s eyes as they cross the busy street again (fig. 1.10a). They are utterly oblivious to the traffic, which dissolves away to become a pastoral meadow, as if this peasant couple has rediscovered the country in the heart of the city (fig. 1.10b). Whereas the first seTuence unfolds in fast motion as if it were a slapstick stunt, the second seTuence is a composite, using a traveling-matte effect that combines three distinct layers in a single shot: a foreground layer with cars passing by closely; a background layer dissolving from the city to the country; and a middleground layer showing the lovers walking while the camera follows on a dolly. Each layer was shot separately, then printed onto a separate piece of film. 63

1.9 The camera follows first the Wife as she begins to cross the street and then the Man and the Wife as they scramble across it.

This moment of joy does not mean that the film endorses the city and its values of consumerism, pleasure, and distraction. The urban citizens constantly remind the Man and the Wife that they are peasants; it is their acceptance of this identity that allows them to reaffirm their values. When they kiss in the middle of traffic, their love provides an escape from the modern city, even as the traffic bears down upon them. The visual contrast between the bumping dolly of the first seTuence and the traveling matte of the second develops the thematic shift. When the camera follows the Wife and the Man as they scramble across the street, their movements are so erratic that the couple never stays in the center of the frame. There is instead an oscillation from right to left as the couple jogs back and forth to escape the traffic. Later the traveling-matte effect locks the couple in the center of the frame, even though they are walking the whole time. The city around them buzzes with activity; the couple has become a symbol of stability.

1.10 Later, a traveling matte shows the Man and the Wife in traffic; the urban background dissolves into a pastoral scene.

Far from making a film with speed, pep, and initiative, Murnau tells a story criticizing those very values. Instead of delivering the occasional nonnarrative “kick,” the moving camera expresses the characters’ emotions while commenting on the ephemeral delights and the disorienting emptiness of modern life. The director’s longtime booster Maurice Kann raved about the film, seeing it as the fulfillment of The Last Laugh’s promising experiments with the representation of subjectivity: “Murnau has succeeded in boring his camera lens into the very brain of his players and shows you in picture form the thoughts that surge through their heads.” 64 Other critics commented on the film’s internationalism—its hybrid mixture of European aesthetics with a Hollywood budget. Pare Lorentz—then a film critic, later an esteemed documentarian—thought that the German–American mixture was a failure. He praised the “breathtaking photography” and the “perfect” first fifteen minutes, but he argued that the extended seTuence in the city contained too many gags, which had been added to entertain the “chocolate-sundae audience.” 65 European artistry had given way to slapstick trickery. Variety’s critic wrote more favorably that the film was “made in this country, but produced after the best manner of the German school.” 66 Moving Picture World noticed the film’s “continental flavor,” while commenting wryly on the association between national style and cultural status: “Coming from abroad, this production would be hailed by critics as a triumph. Even with the American label they are forced to give it grudging praise.” 67 Whereas Lorentz denounced the film for including too many concessions to the American audience, Variety and World positioned the film as a fascinating hybrid, a European artwork made in Los Angeles.

In the end, Sunrise struggled at the box office, and Murnau’s own career at Fox took a downward turn. 68 He experienced less support and more constraints on his remaining two films for the studio: the lost film Four Devils (1928) and the smaller-scale film City Girl (1930), both designed as nondialogue pictures, and both turned into part-talkies with added seTuences not directed by Murnau. 69 But Murnau’s impact was undeniable. As Janet Bergstrom reports, “[A] sign of William Fox’s appreciation of the artistic Tuality of Murnau’s films was that he encouraged his top directors to work in the same dark, visually expressive style.” 70 She lists several examples of Fox films made in Murnau’s style, including 7th Heaven (1927) and Street Angel (1928) by Frank Borzage, Fazil (1928) by Howard Hawks, The Red Dance (1928) by Raoul Walsh, and Mother Machree (1928) and Four Sons (1928) by John Ford. Other examples from the studio might include East Side, West Side (1927) and Frozen -ustice (1929) by Allan Dwan as well as Paid to Love (1927) by Hawks and Hangman’s House (1928) by Ford.

Outside Fox Studios, there is evidence that the trend toward unusual angles started well before Sunrise was released. In The Eagle (1925), the camera, suspended from a bridge stretched between two dollies, moves backward across a table, appearing to pass through several solid objects along the way. Director Clarence Brown explained, “We had prop boys putting candelabra in place just before the camera picked them up.” 71 An article in Film Daily in 1925 reports that cinematographer J. Roy Hunt used a handheld gyroscopic camera, inspired by The Last Laugh, to photograph The Manicure *irl, a lost film directed by Frank Tuttle. 72 The following year Maurice Kann spotted the influence of Variety in two other Famous Players–Lasky films: Victor Fleming’s MantraS and William Wellman’s You Never Know Women. Kann even gave credit to the cinematographers: Jimmy (James Wong) Howe and Victor Milner, respectively. 73 Less fortunate was Michael Curtiz, the Hungarian-born director beginning his long career at Warner Bros. His American debut, The Third Degree (1926), earned a skeptical review from Gilbert Seldes, who worried that directors were abusing the innovations of Variety. 74 PhotoSlay also denounced Curtiz’s film, noting that it was “filled with German camera-angles that don’t mean a thing.” 75 Another fan magazine complained, “The German films have caused our directors to become excited over the odd effects to be obtained by photographing scenes from unusual angles.” 76 An article in Motion Picture Classic declared that camera angles were “the bunk” and blamed the critics for heaping praise on European films when they employed the same “trick photography” that Americans had been doing for years. 77 The critics gave voice to a widely shared worry. Hollywood studios had the resources to copy the latest techniTues, either by hiring European personnel or by imitating their manner; what they needed to do was prove that they could use those techniTues in a meaningful way.

NOTES

58. Richard Koszarski discusses this shot in “The Cinematographer,” in New York to Hollywood: The PhotograShy of Karl Struss, ed. Barbara McCandless, Bonnie Yochelson, and Richard Koszarski (Fort Worth, TX: Amon Carter Museum, 1995), 177.

59. Struss claimed that the suspended dolly had a “wedge shaped thing” on the front to push the foliage out of the way (interview in Scott Eyman, Five American CinematograShers [Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1987], 9).

60. Karl Struss, “Dramatic Cinematography,” Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 12, no. 34 (October 1928): 318. 61. Susan Harvith and John Harvith, Karl Struss: Man with a Camera (Bloomsfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Academy of Art, 1976), 15.

62. Caitlin McGrath, “Captivating Motion: Late–Silent Film SeTuences of Perception in the Modern Urban Environment,” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2010, 222.

63. For more information on this shot, see Murnau, Borzage, and Fox, DVD box set.

64. Maurice Kann, “Sunrise and Movietone,” Film Daily, September 25, 1927, 4.

65. Pare Lorentz, “The Stillborn Art” (1928), in Lorentz on Film: Movies, 19271941 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 25.

66. “Rush.,” “Sunrise,” Variety, September 28, 1927, 21.

67. “Sunrise,” Moving Picture World 88, no. 5 (October 1, 1927): 312.

68. Donald Crafton reports that Sunrise “sank like a stone” in New York after a strong opening. Its run at the Cathay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles was more successful (The Talkies: American Cinema’s Transition to Sound, 192–1931 [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997], 525–527).

69. Janet Bergstrom carefully details the making of both films in “Murnau in America: Chronicle of Lost Films,” Film History 14, nos. 3–4 (2002): 430–460.

70. Bergstrom, William Fox Presents F. W. Murnau and Frank Borzage, 10.

71. Clarence Brown, Tuoted in Brownlow, The Parade’s *one By … , 146. A decade later, the director repeated the trick in Anna Karenina (1935).

72. “The Gyroscopic Camera and Future Production Possibilities,” Film Daily, June 7, 1925, 5.

73. Maurice Kann, “Fred Thomson,” Film Daily, July 14, 1926, 1, and Maurice Kann, “More Pictures,” Film Daily, July 15, 1926, 1. Elsewhere, a fan commented on the fact that You Never Know Women copied its angles from Variety (Richard Roland, “What the Foreigners Have Done for Us,” PicturePlay Magazine 26, no. 1 [March 1927]: 12). Largely conventional, MantraS (1926) featured one spectacular montage showing a dynamic trip from the country to the city.

74. Gilbert Seldes, “Camera Angles,” New ReSublic 50, no. 640 (March 9, 1927): 72–73.

75. “The Shadow Stage,” PhotoSlay 31, no. 4 (March 1927): 94.

76. Ken Chamberlain, “Camera Angles,” Motion Picture 23, no. 3 (April 1927):

25. The tone of the article is mocking, accompanied by four cartoons depicting four bizarre techniTues.

77. Harold R. Hall, “Camera Angles—the Bunk,” Motion Picture Classic 24, no. 6 (February 1927): 18, 79.