追逐珊瑚

珊瑚是由珊瑚虫组成的动物，靠体内的小植物细胞进行光合作用为机体提供能量，而当海水温度上升2摄氏度时，珊瑚会发生白化而死亡。所以珊瑚死亡的原因很简单，就是那个被说烂的词——气候变暖。大量的二氧化碳排入了大气层，二氧化碳会锁住热量，其中93％被困住的热量进入了海洋。1999年就有科学家预言了珊瑚在未来的大量消失，而根据推算，如果气温再这样稳步增长，30年后地球上的大部分珊瑚都会死亡。

一群热爱大海、热爱珊瑚的人拍摄了这部作品，通过这种方式保护自己的热爱。在我看来，纪录片是连接科学和普通民众最好的方式，珊瑚白化这一现象早就被科学家们发现，但是却被人们所忽视，纪录片将远离我们的真相铺开在我们面前，让我们意识到残酷的真相和身上的责任。气候问题要靠每个个体，如何提高个体意识，其实更需要的是政府的倡导和组织，这似乎又来到了环境与发展之间的两难问题，什么时候才能放慢发展，把环境放在首位呢？三十年内可以做到吗？答案让人担忧。

大海真的很美，色彩斑斓的珊瑚让人惊叹大自然的神奇（虽然影片中过度放大的珊瑚让我有些密集恐惧）。影片中记录了团队这一路走来的不易，新的拍摄设备的设计和调试、全球拍摄地点的选择，然后照片失焦，重新选点后又遭遇恶劣天气，最后临时换点，丢弃水下固定的设备，采用每日人工拍摄的方式。两个月的时间内，水下摄影师每天下海拍摄60个点，高温、割伤、疲惫，而更痛苦的是内心的沮丧——亲眼见证自己热爱的珊瑚逐渐死去，从光彩照人的瑰丽到长满藻类腐烂。团队就是希望通过对这一过程的记录，从前后的对比中，让观者感受到付出行动刻不容缓。影片还记录下了意外的情况，面临温度的升高，珊瑚发出了荧光，通过自身产生化学遮光剂，进而保护自己，它似乎在苦苦挣扎想要活下去。

影片中一方面展现出自然问题的岌岌可危，一方面展现出了一批人对于珊瑚的热爱和付出，两方面同样让人动容。在我们的潜意识中，珊瑚似乎是海洋中最常见而理所当然存在的一部分（影片中也介绍了珊瑚对海洋生态的重要作用），当它都面临着危机的时候，多可怕。

最近利用碎片时间看了这部纪录片，讲的是一群科学家和摄影师为了警醒世人，守卫他们心中的圣土还有地球的未来，历尽千辛万苦记录下了珊瑚白化（死亡）的过程。画面上我们看到了可怕的一幕：由于碳排放量居高不下，全球变暖趋势日益严重，海洋环境已经面临严重威胁，小丑鱼们曾经生活的彩色天堂已经变成了坟墓……

最后用珊瑚纪录片之父的几句话勉励自己———

As long as I can influence people, I will. Because we have to. We've got no choice. Otherwise, you're not gonna like yourself when you're an old man. You'll think, you're gonna like yourself much more if you can say "well, I sure tried to turn that around. And maybe I did influence people here and there ."

“珊瑚发出荧光，它们产生化学遮光剂，保护自己免受高温伤害……这是大自然最美丽的转变，是美到不可思议的死亡阶段……仿佛是珊瑚在说，”看着我，拜托注意我……”

看到这儿，眼泪怎么也止不住。大片大片色彩斑斓绚丽的珊瑚在白化前绽放出异样的光彩，似乎要努力把最美的样子留下，然后再死去……这样悲壮的时刻在今晚彻底撼动了我的心灵。

临死前的绚烂一瞥

片子从一开始就很吸引人的注意，一个风趣开朗的珊瑚学家兴致勃勃地向镜头介绍什么是珊瑚和珊瑚虫，配以大量绝美的珊瑚礁照片（btw似乎竟然治好了我的密集恐惧症），我认认真真记了好多笔记。“别管外表的复杂程度，我们走精致沉默的路线。”——喂，明明你们外表也很光彩夺目好不好！

……真的治愈了我的密恐

油画都调不出这么丰富的色彩

渐渐了解到，珊瑚礁就像一个复杂的多样性的城市生命体，它在自给自足（体内的植物光合作用使其拥有自己的“食品加工厂）的同时大方地接纳了那么多形态种类各异的生命跻身于其中，一片繁荣，多么美好的大家庭啊！并且，它的重要性足以成为整个海洋乃至地球生态系统的基础，动物繁殖，人类食物来源，甚至影响到人类的文化生活经济方式，药物，防波堤……海洋没了珊瑚，就像陆地失去了森林。

扎克小哥刚现身的时候，只是一个看起来有点呆萌的设备技术员，没想到他才是全片的灵魂人物……他向镜头展示了自己家的水族箱，全是珊瑚，甚至没有鱼类……原来他是一个狂热的珊瑚迷（coral nerd）。他介绍了各种各样的珊瑚种类，他说，只要环境控制好，珊瑚没有寿命，可以一直存活在去……他痴迷认真的讲述珊瑚的样子，还有为了不让数据线断掉一个翻身扎进海里徒留一顶草帽挂在船边的样子……真是又可爱又酷毙了。

扎克和他的宝藏

帽子：我是谁我在哪？？？

从小就喜欢研究奇奇怪怪的东西hhh

随着篇幅的展开，扎克的团队开始研究在海底架设延时摄影机，以期拍下珊瑚最大的生存危机——白化的过程。调子开始沉重起来，设备进水，镜头失焦导致两个月白拍，亲眼看着珊瑚群在身边死去，扎克手里捧着覆满海藻灰的珊瑚尸体，“这是我最艰难的潜水体验”——扎克在海底的笔记本无声抗议着。会议上，扎克展示着他们千辛万苦手持延迟摄影拍下的图片，上几张还是灵动绚烂的珊瑚礁，下几张就是一片死气沉沉的“坟墓”……所有人脸上的笑容随着珊瑚接二连三的白化逐渐隐去，震惊，焦灼，伤心刺痛混杂在心头，眼泪不停地掉，尽管隔着屏幕，也仿佛亲身见证了那一场又一场巨大的死亡……

珊瑚白化的原因，也是让我对气候变化有了更切身体会的关键。原来，当我们在燃烧化石燃料时，二氧化碳会上升至大气层，因二氧化碳有困住热气的特性，所以大气层的二氧化碳越多，地球上就有越多的热能，“就像把多余的羊毛塞进毛衣里”。然而，93%被困住的热气，都进入了海洋。如果海洋不吸收这些热能，地表的平均温度就会达到50度，但海洋吸收了大量的热能，自身的温度调节就会失衡，海洋升高2度，珊瑚就会因无法适应高温而白化，死亡……换而言之，这个地球上的生命起源于海洋，海洋为了守护自己的孩子们，发烧了……好心疼啊，终于意识到了为什么有那么多人呼吁重视全球变暖的问题，其实就是要拯救我们所有生命有机体的母亲啊。

好像努力做点什么啊！这个世界如此美丽，却在毁灭的道路上越走越快，我们再不做点什么，真的来不及了……人类在智力上进化更快，就更应该有责任去守护我们的星球才对，能力越大，责任越大，而不是反其道而行，用无知的傲慢亲手毁掉自己的家园。

笨拙努力的小海龟，正向这个美丽的新世界打招呼呢。它的生命才刚刚开始，这个世界看起来多棒啊。

最后记两段泪目的话。

“我们需要森林吗？我们需要树木吗？我们需要珊瑚礁吗？还是说我们可以住在一片灰烬中？”

“我很庆幸自己已经不是你这个年纪了。当我看到大堡礁被破坏的时候，我做好了心理准备。它是我生命中…物质世界里最爱的东西。我潜水潜了45年，我绝对不会在年迈以前停止做这件事（豪爽地笑声），我会一直做下去。只要我还能影响人们，我就会去做。因为我们必须做，我们别无选择。你必须继续坚持，不然等你老了你不会喜欢自己。你会更喜欢自己，如果你可以说“我已试图扭转局势”，“也许我真的影响了人们”……别让任何事阻挡你。”——已经变老的查理·维隆，对沮丧的扎克如是说。那一刻，我想起了《海豚湾》里，把显示屏挂在脖子上冲进会场，站在街头迎接人流的理查德·奥巴瑞。

心怀大爱的人，永远纯真，永远充满勇气。

Education is a key tool for development and progress of human society. With the rapid progress of our society, technologies and social systems have developed as well. Education, as the most important part of human development, should live up to the requirements of present development. To this end, the requirements of present development need to be first stated briefly. After a science and technology boost in the 20th century, increasing industrial activities resulted in serious environmental problems. To combat these problems, sustainable development was introduced, which is the requirement of present development. It should be noted that the concept of sustainable development is evolving incessantly. Today, not only the environment but also other issues such as poverty and equality are included in the concept of sustainable development [1]. Therefore, for equipping people with skills and thinking of sustainable development, the new and adjusted education for sustainable development, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) was proposed by UN and gain a lot of importance. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) and Global Action Program on Education for Sustainable Development were carried out to accelerate the progress of ESD. In these two actions, the content of ESD was enriched with many detailed goals and feasible approaches. Under the guidance of the two actions, driven by intrinsic need of sustainability, many countries have developed their own framework of education for sustainable development. Different technologies and advanced concepts of education are applied to impart the knowledge of sustainable development to students and strengthen their skills, critical thinking and systemic thinking regarding sustainable development. With the work done by governments and UN, great progress has been made of ESD [2,3 4].

As narrated above, great work has been done with ESD, including complement of the content of education, specific goals and applying new technologies. However, one element dose not get enough attention and that is the motivation of people who receive the education for sustainable development. With motivation, people would set their goals and pursue their goals with strong impetus. From a perspective of educational psychology, generating learning motivation is indispensable and it has high priority in practical education [5]. With high internal motivation of educatees, remarkable outcomes of education could be attained. The creativity and cognitive flexibility of educatees would be greatly improved [6] and these two traits are exactly required by ESD.

Integrating documentary into ESD as a potential creative approach to make up for the deficiency mentioned above is proposed in this essay. One example of documentary and some other advantages of documentary for ESD are discussed. Extending from the documentary that includes engineers and scientists, the role of them and industry in documentary and ESD is also discussed.

Documentaries as a form of video could contain text, graphics, animation and sound, all of which are the elements of multimedia. Multimedia teaching has been proved to be a very effective way of teaching. It helps stimulate students' interest and make students more active in class [7]. Therefore, documentary as one method of multimedia teaching is also able to have the same advantages mentioned before. But further properties should be discussed. Documentaries are not the videos that are usually seen on the class using animation to expound complex theories, but it is also a form of art and commercial products to tell the truth. As commercial products, it has very large audience. Everyone can see it in the cinemas, which means everyone can be the educatees. Documentary tells audience what happens in the real world in an artistic way. Most documentaries would not try to exaggerate the facts to attract people. Instead, different art technics are used to help give more powerful expressions combining with esthetic shots and matched background music, documentary is able to impress audience profoundly. In this way, people are more likely to recognize the facts and reflect more after the documentary [8].

Because of the diversity of documentary, many issues can be displayed and discussed in documentaries. All types of issues relevant to sustainable development are covered in documentaries that have been produced. For example, these three very recent documentaries, “Ruth Bader Ginsburg”, “Chasing Coral” and “Of Fathers and Sons” respectively correspond to equality, environment and education. They provide unique and profound perspectives that audience would not expect, but they are all based on facts and do reveal the issues of sustainability that should get more public attention. More discussion of “Chasing Coral” as an example would be conducted to show some good characteristics which enable this documentary fit into ESD.

Chasing Coral as a documentary records the rapidly bleaching and dying coral due to the rising temperature of ocean, see figure 1. This figure shows rising temperature clearly. When it comes to global warming, much attention is paid to the melting glaciers and rising sea levels. It is a rare and potent angle of looking into global warming. Coral form colorful sea worlds. As the famous Great Barrier Reef , It is very beautiful. However, few people know that it is being killed by global warming. Disappearance of such beautiful thing and novel perspective are able to strongly impress people.

Figure 1. Sea surface temperature anomaly

Global warming is still having an impact where we cannot see it and this is coral. In the documentary, scientists and engineers from various disciplines were invited to give analysis and prediction of coral spreading all over the world according to ocean currents and ocean water temperature warming. Some prediction is given by text, see figure 2. In this way, the predicted results could be impressing.

Figure 2. Prediction from scientists and engineers

Coral is very sensitive to the temperature rising, which would result in a great threaten on the living of coral. The famous Great Barrier Reef will probably have more extensive coral bleaching over the next few years and then die. Currently, 29% of the Coral Great Barrier Reef has died. What is more, coral is a fundamental part of a huge ecosystem and it is, in a way, just like the trees in a forest. Therefore, with coral disappearing, all other animals are also disappearing little by little in our marine ecosystems. Many contrasts are given in this documentary leaving very deep impression to audience.

Figure 3. Contrast of living and dead coral

Figure 4. Contrast of living and dead coral

In summary, in this documentary, starting from a rare perspective of dying coral, combing with scientific research process, showing scientific and rigorous graphics, texts and data, with beautiful sights into the coral, this documentary touches the audience and the audience feels encouraged to think about what they can do about this issues of the dying coral.

The role of scientists and engineers was emphasized in the documentary, see figure 5. They provide rigorous scientific evidence to support the facts and help explain the complex ecological processes in an acceptable way by the public. The participation of these people helps publics understand this documentary better.

Figure 5. Some scientists and engineers involved

Engineers also solve some technical problems, for example, setting a camera in the sea water to help shooting of this documentary.

Figure 6. A camera in the sea water

For this kind of documentary, the target group is not only students but all of society. As one type of commercial movie, it has been shown in the cinemas. Even in some undeveloped regions, open-air cinemas of low cost could be applied to play documentaries to realize this kind of public education. Combined with commercial activities, the film could be advertised widely to the public. Therefore, documentary could reach a large variety of people. Promoting sustainable development widely is exactly desired by ESD. Everyone could contribute to the sustainability of development, if they aware of the issues and motivated to be involved.

However, in a very long term, the youth are the people who can make a difference. They are motivated by the situation that should be changed and then build up their great ideals. They are receiving more advanced education for sustainable development. In the future, they are able to do some great work that makes great differences for sustainability. This is also emphasized in this documentary by the text as following.

Figure 7&8. Young generation is emphasized

Enlightened by this documentary and one example in the following discussion, some suggestions about how scientists, engineers and industry should be involved in ESD are proposed.

As mentioned in section 2.3, the scientists and engineers are involved in making this documentary. This is one example how they can promote ESD. Moreover, in this documentary, they brought their research results to the publics by speeches or other public activities. Especially after they retire from the academic or industrial positions, they have more time and could be involved in more educational public activities. The career of Dr. Jan Goodall is a very good example. After spending 38 years on researching on chimpanzees in the wildlife, she traveled around the world, calling on people to protect wild animals and the earth's environment [9].

Scientists and engineers are the people who work at the forefront of sustainable development. They understand clearly what terrible things are happening. Precious experience and knowledge are built up on their minds. They do have ability to make publics aware of the sustainable issues and encourage them to get involved in sustainable development.

Engineers from industry represent the industry. Industry should participate in some educational public activities as well, such as making this kind of documentary mentioned before. However, if some documentaries tell the false information because of interest, scientists and engineers should stand out to against them. Industry should input sustainable ideas into their products by producing sustainable products in a sustainable way and tell customers how their products are sustainable. With their product sold to publics, by advertising their sustainable producing processes, the sustainable ideas could be prompted.

Documentary can be integrated in ESD. Not only in the classroom teaching, but it also can be widely shown in cinemas. It can make people aware of this issue and give people internal motivation to get themselves involved in this global issue of sustainable development. The young generation should be the main targets of those educational documentaries and also ESD. Because they will be equipped by advanced education to make a difference in the future. Scientists, engineers and industry can participate in different public educational activities for sustainable development. Scientists and engineers can still make huge contributions after they retire by getting involved in more educational activities for sustainable development, if they are willing and energetic enough.

Reference

1. United Nations. “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018.” (2018).

2. UNESCO. “Education for Sustainable Development Goals.” (2017).

3. Uspartnership.org., U.S. Partnership. URL: //uspartnership.org/

4. Dieter Appelt., et al. “Global Development Education: A Cross-Curricular Framework in the Context of Education for Sustainable Development.” (2017).

5. Slavin, Robert E., and Nicola Davis. "Educational psychology: Theory and practice." (2006).

6. Deci, Edward L., et al. "Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective." Educational psychologist 26.3-4 (1991): 325-346.

7. Joshi, Ashvini. "Multimedia: A Technique in teaching process in the classrooms." Current world environment 7.1 (2012): 33-36.

8. Nichols, Bill. Introduction to documentary. Indiana University Press, 2017.

9. Peterson, Dale. Jane Goodall: The woman who redefined man. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014.

用纪录片看世界，今天我们要聊的纪录片是《追逐珊瑚》，豆瓣评分8.8。

网飞Netflix出品，2017年1月上映，提名了第29届美国制片人工会奖最佳纪录片制片人奖。

导演是杰夫·奥洛威斯基，他的上一部作品《逐冰之旅》获得了第85届奥斯卡金像奖提名。

▲ 杰夫·奥洛威斯基

▲ 《逐冰之旅》海报

这位33岁的青年电影人，将他的作品主题立足于环境保护。

《逐冰之旅》聚焦于正在慢慢消融的南极冰川，而《追逐珊瑚》的主角是处于死亡进行时的珊瑚。

壹 | 珊瑚和我们

珊瑚，一种距离我们比较遥远的生物。

不少人搞不清珊瑚到底是动物还是植物，先简单科普一下。

珊瑚是动物，是由珊瑚虫的骨骼形成的。

▲ 珊瑚虫

珊瑚虫分泌出来的碳酸钙，形成了珊瑚的骨骼。

老一辈的珊瑚虫死去后，新一辈的珊瑚虫又在它们的躯体上诞生了，代代相传就形成了巨大的珊瑚礁和珊瑚岛。

▲ 澳大利亚大堡礁

珊瑚礁平均每年只增长2厘米左右，最年轻的珊瑚礁也需要几千年的时间才能形成。

珊瑚的种类和形态相当丰富，热爱潜水的朋友一定深有体会。

只要有珊瑚的地方，总是流光溢彩、五光十色，各种鱼儿也会穿梭在珊瑚里玩耍。

目前珊瑚礁的面积不到海洋总面积的千分之二，但是却养育着四分之一的海洋生物。

可以说，珊瑚礁是海底的森林，是许多海洋动植物能够生存的基础。

但是，珊瑚和我们有什么关系呢？

说出来你可能不信。

珊瑚礁是5亿多人的食物和收入来源；

很多治疗癌症的新药物，也和珊瑚礁有关；

珊瑚礁还能保护我们免受巨浪侵袭。

然而，就是这么美丽的生物，它现在面临着死去的危险。

贰 | 珊瑚为什么会死？

从《追逐珊瑚》的镜头中，我们能够看到——

南太平洋的美属萨摩亚，有名的机场珊瑚礁，6个月内，全部白化而死。

2016年，澳大利亚大堡礁就有29%的珊瑚死去。

而这并不是个例，这是全球的珊瑚白化现象。

历史上第一次全球珊瑚白化，发生在1997-1998年。

12年后的2009年，第二次全球珊瑚白化。

现在，我们或将面临第三次全球珊瑚白化，而且是无法复原的。

▲ 珊瑚白化过程

白化，是珊瑚死亡的第一阶段。

如今全球的珊瑚礁，都面临着这个巨大威胁。

为什么会白化？

因为全球变暖。

大量的二氧化碳被排出、困在大气层中，而这些热量中的93%，都被海洋吸收。

海洋持续不断升温，生存环境首当其冲受到威胁的就是珊瑚。

根据现在的海洋温度估计，如果放任地球继续暖化，大约25年后，所有海洋珊瑚礁，都将因海底温度过高而死亡。

叁 | 珊瑚守护者

有没有人注意到珊瑚的生存现状呢？是有的。

水底摄影师理查·维尔斯在全球为珊瑚白化四处奔走，拍了很多照片，想让全世界都看到。

▲ 理查·维尔斯

多年的潜水经验让他意识到，海洋最大的问题在于：

它的问题，人们普遍都看不到。

为了让人们不再视而不见，他将两张珊瑚白化的照片寄给了纪录片导演杰夫·奥洛威斯基。

一张是健康的珊瑚，一张是死掉的珊瑚。

深受震撼的杰夫，立马组了个摄影团队，历时数月，寻访了世界各地的珊瑚礁——

弗罗里达群岛、牙买加、夏威夷、百慕大、巴哈马、澳大利亚大堡礁……

拍摄珊瑚的过程，不只是为了完成一部纪录片，更是出于对珊瑚白化的焦虑。

片中还有很多因为热爱珊瑚而聚在一起的人。

有转行的广告大牛， 有半途加入拯救队伍的珊瑚爱好者， 有做了一辈子珊瑚研究的科学家。

他们都为了同一个目的——保护珊瑚。

片中还有一位从小就是珊瑚迷的年轻人查克，他负责扛着摄影机和三脚架在海底不同地点拍摄记录珊瑚。

▲ 查克

两个月之后，初来的兴奋被痛苦和无奈代替。

因为他每天都要看着珊瑚死去，昨天还是五颜六色的珊瑚，今天却全部白化。

《追逐珊瑚》在片中也呼吁了能够接触到珊瑚礁的人，邀请他们共同记录下珊瑚白化的现象。

来自世界各地不同国家的人，目前已经慢慢加入了这场珊瑚救助行动。

珊瑚礁是大自然的馈赠，当我们见识了美，何不竭尽所能留住美？

从《逐冰之旅》到《追逐珊瑚》，我们看到了共生共存的自然极速的变化。

环保的口号喊了多久，就证明地球的环境污染存在了多久。

然而人人又都知道，真正有能力的大国不愿意去做这些没有收益的事情；

而发展中国家又因为经济发展需要，很难改变传统的能源消耗模式。

但即使这样，我们就要放任不管，让环保成为一个又大又空的口号吗？

英国诗人约翰·多恩曾写下这样的诗句：

没有人是一座孤岛，可以自全，每个人都是大陆的一片，整体的一部分。

如果人类不及时采取行动，那么我们终将失去整个生态系统，每个人都难以自全。

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跟雾霾相比，珊瑚离着人们城市生活太远了，远的都不足以被引起讨论。反正也看不见嘛。

然而珊瑚也在影响着天气变化，气候变迁，氧气含量。珊瑚礁还是人类吃的海鲜的生命来源，是五亿多人的食物和收入。我们的文化，生活方式，经济都依赖于健康的珊瑚。

珊瑚礁产生的防浪堤比人类建造出来的防浪堤更能保卫我们免受海啸的侵袭。

你感受到的全球变暖，温度升高，已经是海洋吸收掉了93%的温度之后的感觉了，不然猜猜现在地表温度是多少？人类体温升高两度时间长了都是危及生命了，那珊瑚呢？

过去的30年间，这个星球已经死了50%的珊瑚。还有许多未知的，能为人类社会带来无穷福利的东西，还未被发现或许就已经消亡了。

如果放任全球持续变暖，我们将会失去这整个生态系统，如果我们现在连珊瑚都救不了，那么以后受到威胁的是森林呢？是氧气呢？或者是人类自己呢？

虽然人类是目前时代地球的霸主，但地球上的生物不止人类一种。

ps，我管不了别人，当下我能做的就是减少碳排，购物不使用塑料袋，往少算，就算我一个礼拜买东西会用3塑料袋，一年不也是省下了156个塑料袋吗？

下次潜水我不再纠结看什么种类的鱼了，我要将我所见范围的珊瑚力所能及的尽收眼底。还有一滴防晒霜能杀死一片珊瑚，再防水泡海里也会掉，真的怕晒伤就少泡一会好吗？让我们的孩子亲眼去看看珊瑚的瑰丽吧，不然可能25年后珊瑚就真的灭绝了。

这些是印度尼西亚，巴厘岛，图蓝本的珊瑚，再去的话他们可能就不是这个样子了。